Rawls And The On The Society - 882 Words

For the last section on Rawls views, I would like to discuss how the society functions once the foundation is set, and where the disabled fit into the blue prints. So far we can conclude that Rawls specific goal was to establish principles of political justice to govern the basic structures a society under reasonably favorable conditions that would be chosen in the original position among a various other principles. These principles allow for an idealized version of society that function based on the circumstances of justice that were given to the deciding parties in the original position. The question now is how do these principles function in actual rather than fictional society. For one, the people within the society need to comply to the political conception of justice. Meaning that all members of the society accept the decided principles of justice and that the institution within the society satisfy these principles. The citizens must also already have a comprehensive sense of j ustice that is in line with the societies sense of justice. So when they make choices and behave in certain ways and acquire certain beliefs, they do not fall out of line with the societies sense of justice but instead act from them. The last necessity for the society to function is that its citizens, according to Rawls, possess two moral powers: a capacity for a sense of justice and a capacity for the conception of good. These moral powers also contribute to the social cooperation of a societyShow MoreRelatedJohn Rawls And Robert Nozicks Theory Of Justice In Society1693 Words   |  7 PagesWord Count: 1688 The works of John Rawls and Robert Nozick represent two competing interpretations of political philosophy and the role of justice in society. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the Rawlsian state is justified and preferable to the minimal state as articulated by Nozick. In the first two sections of this paper, I will introduce and analyze the arguments of Rawls and then Nozick. In the third section, I will defend Rawls’s conception of justice against Nozick’s attacksRead MoreThe Original Position and the Veil of Ignorance1369 Words   |  6 Pages Political philosopher John Rawls believed that in order for society to function properly, there needs to be a social contract, which defines ‘justice as fairness’. Rawls believed that the social contract be created from an original position in which everyone decides on the rules for society behind a veil of ignorance. In this essay, it will be argued that the veil of ignorance is an important fea ture of the original position. First, the essay will describe what the veil of ignorance is. SecondlyRead MoreJohn Rawls s Theory Of Justice1471 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Rawls â€Å"A Theory of Justice.† John Rawls was an American political and moral philosopher. Rawls attempts to determine the principles of social justice. In this essay, I will elucidate John Rawls’ views on forming a social contract, the counter-arguments against Rawls’ theory and finally the state of debate on the counter-arguments. John Rawls set out on his discussion on justice and fairness in his book A Theory of Justice 1971. Rawls theory describes a society with free citizens holding equalRead MoreJohn Rawls s Theory Of Justice1558 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Rawls was known by many as one of the greatest American political philosophers of the twentieth century. He is well known for his published work called the Theory of Justice. In this book, he tried to explain the political structures that are designed by society for its citizens. He considered his theory as a guide to preserving social justice and individual liberty. 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Even today’s society that were all living in now battle to find justice and equality and that is what philosopher J ohn Rawls was looking to do when he came up with his theory on law and justice. On a basic platform, Rawls is looking to make everybody in a community an equal counterpart when it comes to a person’s liberties, justice, economic, and social standards. TheRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Social Justice1507 Words   |  7 Pages Equality, fairness, and equal distribution are concepts that are embedded in social justice. Individuals living in harmony for mutual benefit living in a state of society are set out by social contract. This paper will firstly show, the background of the philosophy of social justice. Then it will focus on John Rawls Theory of Justice. Secondly, It addresses the stages of the Theory of Justice, It then historical nature of social justice in conjunction with western philosophy. Lastly it will lookRead MoreThe Principle Of Justice By John Rawls Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pages This exposition I will grow, characterize and contend Rawls Principle of Justice (Rawls 1971) in the equitable of society, the essential structure of the residents of Aotearoa. I will contend to concur with Rawls Principle ought to be represent New Zealand Society, Mainly concentrating on Rawls Second Principle the Reasonable equity of Opportunity, notwithstanding I will likewise express the Incorporate his thoughts on the Veil of Ignorance. Section one of the paper, we examine the substanceRead MoreJohn Rawls’ A Theory of Justice Essay964 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Rawls’ A Theory of Justice holds that a rational, mutually disinterested individual in the Original Position and given the task of establishing societal rules to maximise their own happiness throughout life, is liable to choose as their principles of justice a) guaranteed fundamental liberties and b) the nullification of social and economic disparities by universal equality of opportunities, which are to be of greatest benefit to the least advantaged members of society , . Rawls’ system ofRead MoreJohn Rawls on Justice Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pages John Rawls was a man who played an influential role in shaping political thought in the late 20th century. Rawls is accredited for writing two major contributions that has helped influence political ideology of those even today. His first piece was published in 1971, A Theory of Justice, which argues his belief of justice on the domestic level and also that reconciliation between liberty and equality must occur in order to have a just society . Rawls’s belief of what justice should be is extremely

Anti-Bullying Prevention Proposal - 6403 Words

Youth at Risk Prevention Proposal – XYZ High School Anti-Bullying Program 20130228 Juvenile Justice Prevention Program Proposal Section 1. DESCRIBE THE TARGET GROUP The direct target group is the current freshman class at suburban middle class XYZ High School (XYZHS). Naturally, as the sophomore, junior, and senior classes matriculate through the school, they will be indirectly affected by the program and expected to hold true to the lessons and values taught in the anti-bullying curricula during their freshman year. The demographic for the direct and indirect target groups are as follows: †¢ General Demographic o The population of residents ages 15 to 19 for the school district is 9,075 making up roughly†¦show more content†¦o Out of 39,356 households, over half earn less than 50,000 and less than 10% earn $100,000 or more (Harnett County Schools, NC Economic Characteristics, n.d.). o 19.3 % of families with related children under 18 years of age have had income in the past 12 months below poverty level (Harnett County Schools, NC Economic Characteristics, n.d.). The target groups, both direct and indirect, are represented by all walks of life from families from a full spectrum of social characteristics and economic conditions. From single parent homes to two parent homes, financially secure to families on the brink of poverty, almost every ethnicity and racial group that exists. It is full representation of a military community. Section 2. DESCRIBE THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE An advisory committee will be formed consisting of no more than an 8 member sample of the major stakeholders group, parents of currently enrolled high school students, contributors from the local community, and administration from the school district. The following is a breakdown of the members and the roles they will play in the committee: †¢ 8 total members from XYZHS consisting of 2 members from 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th grades. These members strictly volunteer and established during the first week of school. The role these students will play is serving as a voice for the students, who represent the major stakeholders group. †¢ A group of parents whose children areShow MoreRelatedPrevention And Intervention Of Bullying Behaviors918 Words   |  4 Pagesa major role in prevention and intervention of bullying behaviors. Studies repeatedly suggest that bullying can be significantly impacted if teachers, students, student groups, administrators, and parents worked togeth er to stop bullying (Mount, 2005). Social services can be useful through afterschool programs, specifically educating youth who might be at a greater risk of bullying and victimization. Social services can also work with parents to discuss parenting styles and attachments. Based onRead MoreBullying And The School System Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesnorm. He goes on to mention that bullying could be considered a form of microaggression and assumes many different shapes. Lastly, he identifies a series of different types of bullying that bullies can perpetuate which include: verbal, physical, material, relational, hate-motivated, and cyber (Miller 2012). The main argument of this paper is that federal and state legislation are not rigorous enough to address the burgeoning demand to address the issue of anti-bullying in the school systems. This paperRead MoreThe Columbine Influence: How a School Shooting Affected a Nation1494 Words   |  6 Pagesword Columbine is synonymous with school shootings. The subsequent days, months, and years since this attack have proven that the Columbine massacre has influenced the United States in many areas of our everyday lives including school policies, anti-bullying programs, gun laws, and even popular culture. Thought to have been planned around a year in advance, Harris and Klebold intended to blow up Columbine High School and harm as many people as possible. Before arriving at the school, the shootersRead MoreStop the Bullying2981 Words   |  12 PagesStop The Bullying Every day, on every playground and hallway in our American schools, children, youths, and teens are harassed, tormented, made fun, physically and mentally abused and embarrassed by bullies. Is your child one of these bullies or a victim of bullying? 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The paper brings into concrete terms, bullying situation in Hibiscus College (pseudonym) a secondaryRead MoreSample Grant Proposal2607 Words   |  11 PagesRUNNING HEADER: Request for proposal Organization History *** was founded with a mission to be an alternative to incarceration. The organization is a private, free-standing, non-profit agency which is accessible to all, regardless of economic, ethnic or religious backgrounds. Since 1971, ***. has provided a highly successful, comprehensive, continuum of behavioral health services. Our formal treatment services have helped over 20,000 young people and their families. Under the *** umbrella, broadRead MoreTeen Dating Violence2793 Words   |  12 Pages(NCADV,n.d). These statistics place an urgency on an intervention program that focuses on minority teens and the prevention of TDV, and ultimately IPV. Economic Costs of Teen Dating Violence and Intimate Partner Violence Since it has been noted that there is a strong correlation between TDV and IPV, the economic effects of IPV will be explored to support the urgency of primary prevention of TDV. Some of the economic effects associated with IPV are as follows: employers lose between $3-5 billionRead MoreBusiness4225 Words   |  17 PagesNetwork MANAGING BULLYING PROBLEMS IN NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: SOME COUNSELLING INTERVENTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION Oyaziwo Aluede Ambrose Alli University Abstract Bullying problem has remained pervasive and a going concern for all stakeholders of education who desire to make school climate a safe haven. This paper is moved by this desire, by bringing into context the meaning of bullying and prevalence of bullying around the globe. The paper further brings into perspective bullying situation in NigeriaRead MoreBullying in Schools6210 Words   |  25 PagesBullying in Schools 1 PRAIRIE VIEW Aamp;M UNIVERSITY THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION EXPERIENCES, PERCEPTIONS, AND ATTITUDES OF THIRD GRADERS TOWARDS BULLYING A RESEARCH REPORT RESEARCH ADMIN 5163 BY Jimmy C. Clark. PRAIRIE VIEW, TEXAS 2008 Bullying in Schools 2 Table of Contents Page Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Read MoreSchool Violence Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesall the way up to college universities. The statistics are not pretty by any means. So what are we to do? Should we institute better security? For all of these tragedies, it is time reasonable measures are finally taken to implement new methods of prevention and to address the school violence issues as a severely significant problem. Of all of the incidents over the past decade, one stands out to me simply from the defense that was used at trial. Michael Carneal, the shooter that was involved in West

Music that makes people feel peaceful free essay sample

Dont miss your chance to earn better grades and be a better writer! Music we will feel more peaceful in our mind. According to scientist say that hen a person is listening to Jazz music it has brought up some brain emotion and make it feel relax and will go by the rhythm on it. It will keep a certain amount of peaceful moment; it could help a person to remain a better conscious on what he is doing on. By putting jazz music on in daily life it could help a person also to improve in their behavior, jazz music can avoid bad behavior that leads to bad destruction.This could help a person to develop creativity, artistry, humanity, individually, intelligence, and also will have a better chance to deal with an issue at hand more easily and more positive ways. While jazz music can leads a person to go towards a positive ways in a peaceful manners on dealing with a person. 2. 2 release painful emotion Through Jazz music it could help a person to release painful emotion, by listen to jazz music it has a great impact of mind, body and spirit to bring a healthful charges on our painful emotion.According to doctors some music treatment for example using jazz music it could treat a patient to stay and healthy and even faster to recovery from their painful emotion. Listen to jazz music can also help a person to release their anger and also boost their happy feeling to he maximum. The mind will start to stimulate and through jazz music it could obtain the high mental alertness on the part that will help you think Of the goods and forget the bad part. By the mint time it could help your mind to active the brain on, and enhances the best is to make a person to feel more relaxing.Through jazz music can help a person to reduce pain sensation and also distress of both chronic pain and postoperative pain. Jazz music also promotes relaxation of tense muscle, and enabling a person to easily release some of the tension that carries on the day. Jazz Music, especially upbeat ones, can take your mind off what stresses you, and help you feel more optimistic and positive. This helps release stress and can even help you keep from getting as stressed over lifes little frustrations in the future. Researchers discovered that music can decrease the amount of the cortical, a stress- related hormone produced by the body in response to stress. Jazz music can brings peaceful when a person hear it, it will also help to maintain to comfort of the day that made a person to be alert on what he or she is doing. Beside that through jazz music it also helps to release painful emotion by hearing jazz music it could help a heart hurting person to feel more relax on the pain. 3. 0 Country music Country music is one of the most popular music genres that all American had notice.It is a blend traditional and popular musical that origin from Canada and southern United State. Country music has produced two of the top selling solo artists of all time. The term country music gained popularity in the sass when the earlier term hillbillys music came to be seen as denigrating. Country music was widely embraced in the sass, while county and Western has declined in use since that time, except in the United Kingdom and Ireland, here it is still commonly used. 3. 1 Fairly wholesome Listen to country music it could more fairly wholesome then other, why is that so.According to the specialist that through country music, it could help a person to bring back a wonderful story. Through country music it could help to explain a very interesting story In other words, they are not songs that would not want to bring children to hear or would feel embarrassed playing in front of their parents. So through country music it could help some of the children to presented out by singing some country music on the song that eave play to display out what are the fairly wholesome story they have believe in. N other word, it could help to keep some of the interesting history in the past and passed it to the next generation. So they will understand what are the history on the past and keep it on the good wants and be reminding that dont make the same miss take again and again. 3. 2 connection to culture Country music historians typically stress of the musics close connection to the culture of the rural and working class white south, and while acknowledging the importance of New York record companies and other immemorial structures, they are happiest.Through country music, it help to brings out the culture of American and also to help others to understand how the style of living and also to present the ethnic of that culture. Modeling behaviors and understandings that have helped in the refashioning of southern white culture and identities, and there is another parallel. A Diasporas story lurks deep in the heart of country music. It could help to strengthen the culture and also to help to promote the culture to others through country music. Country music can help a culture to build their image n fairly wholesome things; it could help to develop their images to the worldwide world.On the other half, country music 4. 0 Hip-Hop music As the world move on to a modern time, hip hop music has become the most important music that has been focus on by the teenagers nowadays. Hip hop music is origin from hip hop culture and it has been missed up with four key element first of all is rapping, Digging/scratching, sampling, and beat boxing. The root of hip hop culture is also from African American music and ultimately African music. Some hip hop music influence by the disco, others IP-hop music influence by many other different such as new school hip-hop and also some rapping material are include. 4. Innovation In the lately 20005 hip hop music has secure in the mainstream music line. This they have given a name for hip-hop music that is Golden Age Hip-hop. This innovation motive the hip-hop music lover to be more advance in the. That time is a time when it seemed that every new single reinvented the genre. Referring to the golden age of hip-hop music, there were so many important, ground breaking album has been brought up right about that time. Many artist has been found out on that period of time where hip-hop USIA has bring a great success towards bringing more talented artist on during the hip-hop music. While innovation in hip-hop music is been a great motivation for every hip-hop singer that it could made a great improvement on their song and also nowadays teenagers has using the hip-hop music to do their dance on the hip-hop culture. 4. 2 express themselves in a proper manner First and for all through hip-hop music nowadays bring different culture, beliefs, races, ethnicities all together such as young and medium age stay together to express themselves in a self determinant manners both individually and also collectively.

Marketing Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Marketing Argumentative Essay Online Marketing DefinitionOnline marketing has many different definitions. However, the most straight forward is Any positive communication between distributor and purchaser through the digital area(Internet, forums, chat, e-mail, the web, etc.) Which provides for the exchange of requested or necessary information directed to a potential customers purchase and a continuing and profitable customer/seller relationship. (Forester, 1999, p.3) This definition gives the main idea of why many businesses have joined the online marketing segment and why businesses are still joining. On the other hand, the simple definition of marketing is the process of planning the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfies individual and organizational objectives. (Berkowitz, 1992, p.67)These two definitions explain how the marketing has a notion that means that an organization aims all its efforts at satisfying its customers. This idea is a simple and very important. The online sector of a business should have a complete overview of this idea and should use it to sell its products. Although some business people still have a production orientation. These people do not have much interest in the customers needs; they think of products and how to make money fast. People like this act as thought they are stuck at the beginning of the production era, where there were shortages of most products (Schwartz, 1999, p.5).Online Marketing DefinitionOnline marketing has many different definitions. However, the most straight forward is Any positive communication between distributor and purchaser through the digital area(Internet, forums, chat, e-mail, the web, etc.) Which provides for the exchange of requested or necessary information directed to a potential customers purchase and a continuing and profitable customer/seller relationship. (Forester, 1999, p.3) This definition gives the main idea of why many businesses have joine d the online marketing segment and why businesses are still joining. On the other hand, the simple definition of marketing is the process of planning the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfies individual and organizational objectives. (Berkowitz, 1992, p.67)These two definitions explain how the marketing has a notion that means that an organization aims all its efforts at satisfying its customers. This idea is a simple and very important. The online sector of a business should have a complete overview of this idea and should use it to sell its products. Although some business people still have a production orientation. These people do not have much interest in the customers needs; they think of products and how to make money fast. People like this act as thought they are stuck at the beginning of the production era, where there were shortages of most products (Schwartz, 1999, p.5). Online Marketing DefinitionOnline marketing has many different definitions. However, the most straight forward is Any positive communication between distributor and purchaser through the digital area(Internet, forums, chat, e-mail, the web, etc.) Which provides for the exchange of requested or necessary information directed to a potential customers purchase and a continuing and profitable customer/seller relationship. (Forester, 1999, p.3) This definition gives the main idea of why many businesses have joined the online marketing segment and why businesses are still joining. On the other hand, the simple definition of marketing is the process of planning the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfies individual and organizational objectives. (Berkowitz, 1992, p.67)These two definitions explain how the marketing has a notion that means that an organization aims all its efforts at satisfying its customers. This idea is a simple and very important. The online sector of a business should have a complete overview of this idea and should use it to sell its products. Although some business people still have a production orientation. These people do not have much interest in the customers needs; they think of products and how to make money fast. People like this act as thought they are stuck at the beginning of the production era, where there were shortages of most products (Schwartz, 1999, p.5). .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b , .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b .postImageUrl , .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b , .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b:hover , .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b:visited , .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b:active { border:0!important; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b:active , .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf6460e078c4bb8bc22545b5ecfb5a90b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What will you be like at your high school reunion EssayREFERENCES Berkowitz, Crane, Kerin, Hartly, Rudelius. Marketing, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill RyersonLimited, 1992. Forester, Gunther. (199, March 15). New Age Marketing email to Paul MacDonald,Online. Available: Gunther Forester emailprotectedHow to Market Online Using E-Mail. The Entrepreneurs Guide To Online Marketing. Online. World Wide Web. Available http://rampages.Onramp.net/andrews/email.htmIntegrated Solutions For Marketing. Solutions For Marketing. Online. World Wide Web. Available http://www.infientways.net/marketing/marketing.htmMarketing On The Web. Web Marketing For the Future. Online. World Wide Web. Available. www.tabnet.com.23 March 1999. Strategies For Selling Products OnlineThe GapThe gap encourages people to register when online shopping. Registering makes shopping easier and more personal by sorting the information for future use. The gap store will e-mail you specify news about their products and promotions. They will also send you e-mail updates about the latest on Gap online. When you are registered customer, you have an account name. Online shopping is convenient for apt customers. The store is open twenty- four hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. Returning items to gap Online is simple; you can easily return them by mail or to any store. The Gap also insures the safety, security, and privacy towards your registered information. Renaissance CruisesWith renaissance cruises, your credit card is safe. They guarantee it. They have a privacy statement, which guarantees that under no circumstances, will they reveal a customers confidential information to anybody. This cruise line has three different was to buy products. One way is to buy online. By buy online, renaissance offers varying discounts to the customers. Another way is to call their 1-800 number. The benefit of this is to talk to an actual representative. The last way is to e-mail them. They will respond within twenty-four hours. By analyzing these two businesses, we found that both had security issues controlled. They also had easy ways to buy the products. The layouts of their web pages were organized and very informative. It was easy to understand how to order thing and how they established customers trust. They make the web pages full of click troughs, which make the reader more interested in the site. Overall, these businesses have the customers in mind when making their web pages. Words/ Pages : 1,096 / 24

The Turing Test Was Designed By A Man Named Alan Turing In 1950. It Wa

The Turing Test was designed by a man named Alan Turing in 1950. It was initially called the imitation game. Originally, the test was designed to differentiate between males and females. It was played with three people?a man, a woman, and an interrogator. The interrogator would go into a separate room and try to determine who was the man and who was a woman by asking various questions such as How long is your hair? or Do you have an Adam's apple? Based on the answers to the participants' replies, the interrogator would decide who was the man and who was the woman. Often times this wasn't easy since the participants would be allowed to lie in order to try to throw the interrogator off. Turing went a step further with the imitation game idea by incorporating computers into it. He believed that in approximately fifty years (today's time) computers would be programmed to acquire abilities rivaling those of human intelligence. As part of his argument, Turing put forth the proposal in which a human being and a computer would be interrogated through textual messages by an interrogator who didn't know which was which. Ideally, if the interrogator were unable to distinguish them by questioning, then it would be unfair not to call the computer intelligent. Passing this test was considered regularly and reliably fooling an interrogator at least 50% of the time. Turing and Godwin both believed that anything that could pass the Turing Test was genuinely a thinking, intelligent being. In particular, they felt that passing the test illustrated that the computer had the ability to interact with humans by sensibly talking about topics that humans talked about. Also, passing the test according to Godwin reflected that the computer was able to understand how humans thought and interacted. Despite Turing and Godwin's obstinate belief that computers could think, many believed that this was not the case. In the book Can Animals and Machines Be Persons?, Goodman set out an objection called the Chinese-box argument. Essentially, a man (who had no knowledge of Chinese) would be placed in a box and textual messages similar to those found in the Turing Test would be displayed on the screen in either English or Chinese. Then, man inside the machine would give the appropriate responses in Chinese. Despite his lack of knowledge of Chinese, the man would be able to give responses by using a large Chinese Turing Test Crib Book. Ideally, the person inputting the questions would be unable to distinguish that man's Chinese from a native speaker's. That argument was extremely damaging. By describing the Chinese-box argument, Goodman was pointing out that externally it would seem that the man in the box understood both English and Chinese when in reality he wasn't thinking in Chinese the way he did in English ? he was really just translating the symbols he saw into different symbols. Fundamentally, computers did the same thing. They would translate their binary code into symbols which we could understand. To do so, they would use rules analagous to those found in the Chinese Turing Test Crib Book. Overall, the Chinese-box argument supported the idea that a computer could cleverly imitate thinking and understanding but could never be a real, literal thinker or person.

12 Career Options for Political Science Majors

12 Career Options for Political Science Majors Political science majors are popular for a reason: theyre interesting, theyre current, and they open a lot of career opportunities for graduates. Fortunately, political science majors can apply their academic and, often, their political training in a wide range of jobs. 12 Careers for Political Science Majors 1. Work on a political campaign. You majored in political science for a reason. Put your academic interests to the test by working on a political campaign for a candidate youd love to see- and help- make a difference. 2. Work for the federal government. The federal government works in a variety of fields with people of all backgrounds. This offers many opportunities to develop subject matter expertise. Find one branch that interests you the most and see if theyre hiring. 3. Work for the state government. Federal government too big? Give back to your home state, or a new one, by working for the state government. Also, because of federalism, there are certain areas in which states have more control, so some areas of expertise may be a better fit at the state level. 4. Work for the local government. You may want to start off a little smaller and closer to home in your political career. Consider working for the local government, its a great place to get your foot in the door. City and county governments are a good place to start. 5. Work in advocacy for a nonprofit. Nonprofits are often busy working toward their missions- helping kids, fixing the environment, etc.- but they need a lot of help behind the scenes. That includes getting political support for their cause and thats where your degree can help. 6. Work at a politically based website. If you like to write, engage in online discussion, and help create a virtual community, consider working for a politically based website. You could also write for the political section of a website that is broader than politics. 7. Work in government relations in the for-profit sector. Working for a private (or even public) companys government relations department will allow you to blend your interests in politics with the dynamics of working for a specific company. 8. Work in government relations in the nonprofit sector. Interested in government relations but also in helping promote a cause? Many nonprofits, especially larger, national ones, need staff to help with government relations and advocacy. 9. Work for a school. You may not think of working at a school as political in nature, but many institutions- including colleges and universities, as well as K-12 schools- need help with your special skill set. This includes coordinating government relations, advocating for funding, managing regulations, and a whole host of other, interesting responsibilities. 10. Work at a magazine. Many magazines admittedly (or very clearly) have a political tilt. Find one you like and see if theyre hiring. 11. Work for a political party. Consider, for example, checking into whether the Republican or Democratic Party is hiring for its local, state, or national offices. You might surprise yourself with what you end up getting to do! 12. Teach.  Teaching is a great opportunity for the politically minded. You can help inspire a passion for political science and government in your students while also having summers off for your own political work.

Comparison of the movie Milk and Moral Christian Values in the Essay

Comparison of the movie Milk and Moral Christian Values in the Marketplace - Essay Example This activism lures him to seek public office as he believes that he can make a more effective difference for the gay community as a political figure. Harvey suffers through the high and lows of running for office before he finally becomes the first known homosexual in the US to take a political office. His political office is an uphill battle in there is constant tensions between Harvey and his supervisor Dan White a fiercely conservative politician. The film Milk therefore invokes Kavanaugh’s (1991) new conservatism. This new conservatism is two-tiered in that it has what is characterized as having â€Å"two complementary but dangerous tendencies† (Kavanaugh 1991, xiii). On the one hand, the new conservatism embraces the tendency to distinguish faith from notions of justice which is essentially being active in â€Å"love and service† (Kavanaugh 1991, xiii). On the other hand the new conservatism has a â€Å"tendency to equate faith with a particular form of social, political, or national power† (Kavanaugh 1991, xiii). Harvey, the activist who seeks a form of justice for the homosexual community and is openly gay can be said to represent the second form of the new conservatism in that his conduct forces the distinction between faith and notions of justice by becoming active in both love and service. We see Harvey challenge traditional conventions and insert himself in the midst of it by not only advocating change, but changing it by becoming the first openly gay US politician in public office. By taking this approach, Harvey becomes active in both love and service. However, it is not Harvey is makes this distinction. It is White who by his attitude makes this distinction and it is Harvey that forces this distinction. Harvey essentially represents the second tendency attributed to the new conservatism in that for him faith is indistinguishable from traditional concepts of

Geotechnical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geotechnical - Essay Example Geotechnical engineering uses the geophysical methods in measuring the physical properties on the earth sub surface. These methods have the potential of measuring the anomalies in the properties of soil to identify the position and the presence of minerals (Das and Sobhan, 2013). They involve applying physical methods in measuring the physical traits of rocks and soil thus detecting the physical differences between the rocks that have the hydrocarbons or ore deposits. This paper explores the different types of geophysics method and their use in geotechnical engineering. Electromagnetic induction (EM) involves a method that uses the induction principles in measuring the electrical conductivity of the subsurface. Different from the techniques of conventional resistivity, EM requires no contact in the ground. This eliminates the fast problems of electrical coupling allowing much acquisition of rapid data. Since the EM instruments give an easy and rapid collection of data, the instruments are always used as the tools of reconnaissance used in identifying the greatly detailed anomalies (Nobes, 2000). The induced electromagnetic pulse can be measured using the frequency domain meters and time domain meters. GPR (ground penetrating Radar is utilized in pinpointing the buried objects location and mapping and having stratigraphy mapped out. It gives the shallow subsurface cross-sectional measurements. The method has the ability of locating the nonmetal and metal objects. In many cases, data and profiles are recorded and the result is shown using the real time having the attached display unit of the computer. This results into a fast and easy field interpretation. More data interpretation could be done later (Nobes, 2000). The instruments of GPR have energy beamed into the ground from the antenna in the electromagnetic wave form. An energy position is reflected towards the antenna at the specific subsurface

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Project Management - Essay Example On the sparc.airtime.co.uk website, a Software Project Manager is defined as a person with "the role with total responsibility for all the software activities for a project (CSCI). The Software Project Manager is the individual the Program Manager deals with in terms of software commitments and who controls all the software resources for a project. The Software Project Manager may have the responsibility for multiple software projects." (www.sparc.airtime.co.uk, 2006) By understanding what the project management position being advertised is in relation to the definitions of what that job is ensures that both the advertiser and the applicant are under the same understanding of what both are looking for. Sometimes the jobs that are being advertised are vague with respect to what the job scope is and many times this is done for a reason Many of the job advertisements reviewed from both online newspapers (Times) and internet searches were indeed different in what they wanted applicants to see. The different scopes of the descriptions tend to either be too vague and the job description is meant to either weed out those who the company does not want to have apply, or, keep their true job requirements a closely guarded secret. One of the many tactics that employers tend to do is to ensure that competitors are not finding out what the job is in entirety, especially if they are not going through a placement agency, to ensure they do not phish for information about future projects. As many employers look to recruitment agencies to find their next employees, one of the problems that come from that route is that the agencies do not provide complete details about the job as they want a face to face interview before the applicant even goes before the customer. The job of the recruitment agent is to ensure that the customer is in fact getting the right candidate for the job, and, for the position of a project manager the customer can ill-afford the trouble of interviewing substandard applicants. Advertised Positions for Project Manager - Good and Bad The search for this type of position was actually quite easy and circumspect in what the different employers classified as a project manager, as it would appear many of them leaned more to a Directorship position. In one advertisement for a web project manager through a recruitment agency, the position called for Detailed understanding of web projects & implementation methodologies; An understanding of commercial and account strategies with the ability to tailor implementation and wider delivery processes to meet stakeholder requirements; General knowledge of HTML, design/graphic production software packages (e.g. PhotoShop, Dreamweaver) and familiarity with other web technologies Understanding of web development and design tools; Appreciation of other web technologies; Ability to lead cross-functional team of designers, developers and other staff; Client management skills for project reporting, conflict management and general engagement; Strong project estimating skills; Strong project planning and project management abilities with skills in

Applications Of Mechatronics In Aviation Engineering Essay

Applications Of Mechatronics In Aviation Engineering Essay The term Aviation covers all the activities involved building of flying aircraft especially air planes. The two major divisions are manufacturing of air craft and its components, and second airlines operation. This manufacturing includes of space craft, missiles and related electrical and electronic components. This aviation industry subdivided into Air craft manufacturing General aviation activities Airline operation Airport operation Aviation support industries Applications of Mechatronics in Aviation This essay will discuss about some of the components used in aviation industry which relates to applications of mechatronics. Aileron Flaps and Actuator drive unit Pilot Static system Fly by wire control system Yaw damper Primary flight control system Internal navigation system Under carriage Measurement of motor rpm Measurement of air flow velocity Altitude measurement sensor Air speed Aileron This ailerons were mounted by the hinges in a reaction test frames and variety of actuator configurations with adjustable links. Electro dynamic shaker attached with a bonded pad to the outboard closeout rib are used to apply various frequencies and amplitude to the aileron. An accelerometer used to monitor the frequency responses. If the frequencies were comparable the flutter free performance of the composite aileron was predicted. A pair of actuators fixed by the pads to the rear of the ailerons. This is used to load and determine the chordwise bending and torsional rigidity. The movement are measured at nine points on the ailerons were measured by two ways. The two ways are linear transducers and optical. Flaps This flaps constructed with parametric computer model and actuator system. The overall model could moved the full range of flap rotation and deflections and it could represent the thermal expansion in both vertical directions and longitudinal. The drive unit rotates in its mounting axis to maintain tangency of the pinion gear and sector gear regardless of any shifts in the location of the flap hinge axis. The existing computer design model is used to determine the real movement at the bearing with the system in a thermally deflected and conform the required movement. This computer model is used to find the sources of interference and eliminates the source. This system is reliable as well as critical for real time determination of components locations in the vehicle. It is very difficult for proper alignment of the parts with out this computer model and drive unit. Actuator drive unit This actuator drive unit is designed to create maximum torque and speed if any two electrical or controller failures. Due to weight concern mechanical redundancy is not provided also it will increase effect of complexity and overall reliability. To resolve this issue the failsafe design were included into the individual components to improve the reliability concerns. When the motor channel fails the rest of the channel would drag along the failed motor. Pilot Static System This pilot static system is mostly used in aircrafts to determine the aircrafts airspeed, Mach number, altitude and altitude trend. This system consists of pilot tube, a static port and pilot static instruments. This unit also measures the external forces acting on the aircraft like temperature, pressure, density and viscosity of the fluid while in operation. Rest of the instruments connected to monitoring computers and data recorders, altitude encoders, cabin pressure controllers and various speed switches. Most of the commercial aircraft disasters have been traced to a failure of the pilot. Fly by Wire control Systems This fly by wire control systems is most reliable than manual control of an aircraft. The changes in flight control components are converted to control signal and transmitted to flight control computers by the wires to determine how to move the actuators at each control surface. This flight control computers gives feedback to stabilize the aircraft performance even without pilot knowledge. Yaw damper In many air craft usually in jets and turboprobs to decrease the damper due to Dutch roll mode this Yaw damper is used. It includes Yaw rate sensors and processor. This overall unit gives signal to an actuator which is connected to the rudder. The purpose of this yaw damper is to give solution for the better ride to passengers. This component is required in aircraft to ensure the stability stays with in the certified values. Primary flight control system This mechanically controlled system design is to provide responds to primary flight control system. For flight envelope protection this electronically system is used. This control system is split into two levels, the four actuator controls and three primary flight computers. This gives warnings to pilot. In internal navigation system includes motion sensors (accelerometers) and rotation sensors (gyroscopes). This setup is continuously calculating the reckoning position, orientation, and velocity of an aircraft and space craft. Undercarriage When take off and landing it allows the aircraft to move as a taxi. This structure compile with wheels, floats and landing gear system. The landing gear is hydraulically rotated forward and up during the ground operations until it engages an uplock hook. This landing gear doors having high temperature reusable surface insulation thermal protection systems tiles joined together with their outer surface. Characterization setup of motors, batteries and propeller In Mini and Micro air vehicles the characterization setup module has been using. This set up having motors, batteries and propellers, computer, multifunction I/O card, tachometer, current sensor, air velocity transducer, thermocouple with conditioner and necessary hardware interface. The DC voltage applied to the motor is controlled by LabVIEW based software. This software continuously collects the six channels data, calculates the engineering inputs, as well as keep updating the screen readout and displays the data also save the data into ASCII spreadsheet file. The collected and displayed data includes motor current, voltage, temperature, RPM, air velocity, thrust, calculated instantaneous power and calculated torque. Measurement of motor RPM It is important to measure most efficiently motor, propeller and gear box combination RPM. Motorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rpm based on varying the combinations of the propulsion systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s components. Another important operation is to detect when motor failure happen. For this detection this system applies two methods to design Tachometer. In first method a wiring harness to connect to the existing real time system, magnets and Hall effect sensor on the gears or motor fan. When the fan start to rotates, the Hall effect sensor detects the field magnetism which is developed due to rotation and sends a signal to the board that is having capability to count the pulses. In second method an optics module is focused to illuminate the spinner from the side. When light reflects off a white stripe on the spinner is detected by the photo sensor for each revolution. Measurement of air flow velocity By using the thermal anemometry the air velocity transducer measures velocities. This method of measurements offers flexibility with wide ranges for accurate measurements. The simple operation of this arrangement is an electric current passed through in a fine filament which is open to the elements to cross flow. When the air flow varies the transferring heat also varies and it causes a variation in the heat balance of the filament. The fine filament material having a property to hold the temperature co-efficient resistance. This change is monitored via electronic methods and communicate the signal to corresponding flow velocity or flow temperature. This method also used for instantaneous velocities and temperature measurement. Aircraft altitude measurement sensor For altitude measurement Piezoresistive silicon sensors are mostly used. Due to high accuracy requirement the monolithic silicon pressure sensors are used and it delivers high level analog output signal is proportional to the applied pressure. In case of change in temperature the silicon sensors are compensated due to these are temperature dependent. This altimeter is used as an absolute sensor. The outcome of the sensor is directed to an operational amplifier. The gain and offset of the amplifier circuit is modifying by two trimmers, so that it can be calibrated. Air Speed This differential airspeed pressure sensor output is connected to an operational amplifier. To calibrate the signal gain one of the trimmer is used. The ports of silicon based sensors are static and variable. To determine the outside air pressure Mensor pressure controller was used to apply a standalone pressure to the static port. When increase in the pressure difference between two ports it generates the output voltage. The output voltage are lowest when the pressure is equal also it offset the voltage.

The Bodies Are Talking: Will Society Listen? :: Essays Papers

The Bodies Are Talking: Will Society Listen? On Thanksgiving evening, November 27, 1992, Sergeant Kenneth Mathison and his wife Yvonne drive their 1988 tan Ford van along Route 131 in Hilo, Hawaii. The rain is pouring down and before he knows it, Kenneth Mathison is awaiting police assistance as he cradles his wife’s dead body in the back of their van. Mathison, a sergeant of 25 years with the Hilo Police Department was allegedly informing his wife, a maternity nursing professional at the Hilo Medical Center, that he was being investigated in his second paternity suit. According to Mathison, when Yvonne heard the news, she jumped from the passenger side of the van. While he was looking for her in the blinding rain, Mathison purportedly ran over his wife. He then carried the body into the van and secured it with yellow rope in the back before attempting to find help. Will the forensic evidence support Mathison’s account of that fateful evening? That night, many witnesses reported having seen a man changing the tire of his van and waving any possible help away angrily while others reported seeing a woman wandering around the side of the dangerous highway. More witnesses reported that Kenneth and his wife were having many violent disputes at their home that usually resulted in Kenneth pursuing an angry Yvonne around the block. The most compelling evidence against Mathison, however, is purely scientific. Detective Paul Ferreira first noticed that the extensive blood stains inside the Mathison van. After hearing Mathison’s original account, he summoned the assistance of famed forensic expert Dr. Henry Lee to analyze what he thought was inconsistent evidence. Blood stains on the paneling and the spare tire in the cargo area reveal low-velocity blood stains meaning that the blood probably dripped from Yvonne’s head onto the floor. The stains found on the roof and steering wheel were contact transfer patterns probab ly caused by Mathison’s bloody hands. Blood stains on the driver’s side of the van were contact-dripping patterns which indicate that Mathison touched the inside of the van multiple times before and after moving his wife’s body. The final groups of blood stains on the instrument panel of the van were medium-velocity stains which show investigators that Mathison probably struck his wife at least once in the front seat causing the blood to fly from her open head wound. The enormous amounts of blood inside the van lead prosecutor Kurt Spohn to investigate the Mathison case as a murder instead of a misdemeanor traffic violation. The Bodies Are Talking: Will Society Listen? :: Essays Papers The Bodies Are Talking: Will Society Listen? On Thanksgiving evening, November 27, 1992, Sergeant Kenneth Mathison and his wife Yvonne drive their 1988 tan Ford van along Route 131 in Hilo, Hawaii. The rain is pouring down and before he knows it, Kenneth Mathison is awaiting police assistance as he cradles his wife’s dead body in the back of their van. Mathison, a sergeant of 25 years with the Hilo Police Department was allegedly informing his wife, a maternity nursing professional at the Hilo Medical Center, that he was being investigated in his second paternity suit. According to Mathison, when Yvonne heard the news, she jumped from the passenger side of the van. While he was looking for her in the blinding rain, Mathison purportedly ran over his wife. He then carried the body into the van and secured it with yellow rope in the back before attempting to find help. Will the forensic evidence support Mathison’s account of that fateful evening? That night, many witnesses reported having seen a man changing the tire of his van and waving any possible help away angrily while others reported seeing a woman wandering around the side of the dangerous highway. More witnesses reported that Kenneth and his wife were having many violent disputes at their home that usually resulted in Kenneth pursuing an angry Yvonne around the block. The most compelling evidence against Mathison, however, is purely scientific. Detective Paul Ferreira first noticed that the extensive blood stains inside the Mathison van. After hearing Mathison’s original account, he summoned the assistance of famed forensic expert Dr. Henry Lee to analyze what he thought was inconsistent evidence. Blood stains on the paneling and the spare tire in the cargo area reveal low-velocity blood stains meaning that the blood probably dripped from Yvonne’s head onto the floor. The stains found on the roof and steering wheel were contact transfer patterns probab ly caused by Mathison’s bloody hands. Blood stains on the driver’s side of the van were contact-dripping patterns which indicate that Mathison touched the inside of the van multiple times before and after moving his wife’s body. The final groups of blood stains on the instrument panel of the van were medium-velocity stains which show investigators that Mathison probably struck his wife at least once in the front seat causing the blood to fly from her open head wound. The enormous amounts of blood inside the van lead prosecutor Kurt Spohn to investigate the Mathison case as a murder instead of a misdemeanor traffic violation.

Homeschooling Is Bad

Why Homeschooling is Not Doing Children Justice Homeschooling is an option for your child if you do not want them in public or private schooling. Today’s society of parents will make that choice for the child, wither the child wants to or not. Many parents think that public schools are not educating their child enough so they resort to homeschooling. This would mean devoting your time as a parent by helping support them in learning and to make sure they will succeed with their education. The problem today is that many parents will work with their child for about a month and all of a sudden have no more time to educate them.In the beginning it is your family’s motivation and you want to make them proud, so you try your hardest. Homeschooling you have the choice of what you learn, or will learn, sometimes even your parent’s interests or morals as well. Homeschooling is one on one attention, and in most cases is bad since parents are the only teacher’s it is easier to just do their child’s work for them if they do not understand it. One on one attention is only good if you have a child that has special needs and needs more time learning.Also if your parent is your teacher most of the kids will find it easier to manipulate them with the schooling. Since homeschoolers stay at home for school, and are not being around other friends everyday they are known to be a little unsocial. This means you have very few friends, and with the few friends you do have, the others think you are weird since you do not attend â€Å"regular school†. The good thing about being homeschooled though is that you choose your own friends. Attending public school you do choose your own friends but often your friends with people for benefits as well.For example your friends with the bully, so they will not dare try to bully you. Most kids do not want their parents choosing their friends for them so it’s a good thing to be able to go to school and see them all throughout the day. Homeschooling does not have sports, extracurricular activities, lab, tests, semesters, or SAT/ACT studying. Sports are a good thing since most kids like to stay active, but in order to play that sport you must keep up your grades in order to do so, which helps kids keep up their grades since they want to play.Extracurricular activities are nice as well they help children make friends, spark your interests, and are fun. Labs are mostly for the science classes, but most kids enjoy them, and it also helps make learning fun. Homeschooling you hardly have any tests, but in public or private school you have a test at least once a month. Tests help the teacher know if the students understand the concept of if they still need more time to understand what it is. Homeschooling is not broken up into semesters or even quarters; the child works at his pace.This could be a good thing by the child getting ahead of the work and constantly on it, but in many cases t hat is not how it is, most kids will procrastinate and loose all motivation to do it, and many times their parents are unaware of this. Lastly a major concern for parents who home school is how they will do on their SAT test or ACT test since in public or private schools they study for that. This scares them that they will not get into college because they think their scores will be so low.This just depends on how your home school teacher is, and how motivated the student is, but for homeschoolers they have to work twice as hard to do better since they don’t have the 8:00 a. m. to 2:00 p. m. learning. Homeschooling can be helpful, but most parents do not help their child with the work, so they often do not finish and will resort to a G. E. D, end up in an educational school, or simply just drop out. Homeschooling clearly does not work for everybody; and in today’s society it won’t do our children justice.

Essay Sample on Elie Wiesel What Is Known About the Writer

Essay Sample on Elie Wiesel What Is Known About the Writer Elie Wiesel was born on September 30, 1928 in Sighet, Transylvania, which is now known as Romania. (The Story of Elie Wiesel, 2003) He grew up speaking in different kind of languages. He spoke Yiddish at home, Hungarian, Romanian and German in public. (The Hall of Public Service, 2003) Elie had 2 older sisters and 1 younger sister. Elie loved mystical, traditional and folk tales of the Hassidic sect of Judaism. When going to school, Elie learned how to speak in Hebrew. Elies father in the time, encouraged Elie to study the modern Hebrew language and concentrate on his secular studies. The most important thing in his life was his religious book. The people that influenced Elie is, his grandfather, mother and father. His father taught him how to reason and how to reach his mind. It was not until at the age 15, where him and his family were deported. At that very time, life would never be the same. Elie Wiesel with all that happened, struggled to survive and as a result became a success ful writer in telling others of his story. In 1944, the village of Sighet were deported to the concentration camps in Poland. (Elie Wiesel Bio, 2003) The train full of deportees had crossed the Hungarian frontier and on Polish territory had been taken in charge by the Gestapo. (Night, 2003) Upon arrival in Auschwitz, the family were separated immediately from mother and sister. However, he managed to stay with his father. For the next year, they worked almost to death; starved, beaten, and shuttled from the camp to camp either on foot, in open cattle cars, or in driving snow without food, proper shoes nor clothing. In the last months of war, Elies father was succumbed to dysentery, starvation, exhaustion and exposure. As a result, his father passed in Buchenwald. Elie had no one. His father, mother and younger sister, by the name of Tzipora all died at the hands of the Nazis. Babies were thrown into the air and the machine gunners used them as targets. (Night, 2003) Elie survived the forced labor, forced marches, starvation, disease and all the beating that went around. Elie knew somehow that, the first night, his mother and little sister would be swept away by the fire. It was not until after WWII, when he found out that his mother and younger sister Tzipora died in the gas chambers. Out of Elies family, along with him, his 2 older sister survived as well. Elie was sent to Buna, Gleiwitz, Buchenwald, and Auschwitz. At the age of 14, he was taken to the concentration camps in Czechoslovakia and Germany where he almost lost his foot to the cold, but luckily Elie was fortunate to have had surgery on it. As Elie was being deported to Auschwitz, Madame Schater was on the same train as well. She lost her mind and went crazy on the train screaming out hysterically. Fire! I can see a fire! I can see a fire! Look! Look at it! Fire! A terrible fire! Mercy! Oh, that fire! Е Jews, listen to me! I can see a fire! There are huge flames! It is a furnace! Look at the fire! Flames, flames everywhere (Night, 2003) D r. Mengele was the one whom decides who goes to the gas chambers. Elie has seen him in Birkenau and in Buna. In Buna, he meant Jouliek whom was a violist and made friends with Yosia and Tibi. He made a friend by the name of Alphonse whom would give him extra soup whenever and wherever possible. Zalmen worked at the Buna warehouse, sad for him; he got a stomach cramp and was on his way to the bathroom where he was then trampled. On the other hand, Mier Katz was the one who saved Elies life when someone tried to strangle him on the train to Buchenwald. Sadly, Katz died when he gave up trying to fight the camps. As time went by, and all the Jews were trying their best to survive it was not until April of 1945 where the concentration camps were liberated. (World Book W-Z, 2003) Once the camp was liberated, Elie was sent to France along with four hundred other orphans. It was in France where Elie learned for the first time that his two older sisters survived the war. In 1948, Elie moved to Paris to study at the Sorbonne. He was involved in journalistic work with the French newspaper, Larche. Elie was acquainted with the Nobel laureate Francois Mauriac. While at Sorbonne, Elie mastered the French language and studied philosophy. He supported himself as a choirmaster and a teacher of Hebrew. Elie later on became a professional journalist, where he wrote newspapers for and in both France and Israel. (The Hall of Public Service, 2003) Elie wrote for the Israeli Yediot Archonot. Elie vowed since his experience from the camps that he would not write about it. However, that all changed. When Elie met Francois Mauriac, the Nobel laureate, Elie then broke the vow. He was convinced to write about the Holocaust. Elie did so over thirty times. Elie later on in his life earned the Nobel Peace Prize was appointed commission on the Holocaust, awarded Congressional Gold Medal of Achievement and many more other awards. Appointed in 1978, as chairman of the Presidents Commissioner of the Holocaust, his job was to plan an American memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. They made a museum honoring the Jews who were killed by Hitler and the Nazis. The museum denied Nazis as a posthumous victory, honoring the last wishes of the victims to tell and protect the future of humanity from such evil from recurring. The museum was divided into five areas by the commission, which were made up of 57 people. The commission of the 57 people included people like senators, Rabbis, Christians, professors, judges, congressman, priests, Jews, men and women. The five areas that were divided were memorial, museum, education, research, and commemoration and actions to make sure that the problems dont reoccur. (The Story of Elie Wiesel, 2003) In 1980, Elie became the foundin g chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. He was also the founding President of the Paris based Universal Academy of Cultures. He received over 100 honorary degrees from institutions of higher learning. Teaching has always been central to Elie. (Elie Wiesel Bio, 2003) Elie Wiesel later on in his life, dedicated to the establishment of the second-generation and that the memory and action be carried on. Elie Wiesel remained chairman of the committee until the year of 1986. (Elie Wiesel Bio, 2003) As Elie vowed never to write about his experiences of the Holocaust, it changed. From his experience, he dedicated his life to ensure that none will forget what happened to the Jews. He was inspired by Francois Mauriac to write about the concentration camps and the Holocaust. Elie ended up writing over 40 books both fiction or non-fiction. His first book was written in 1954, it was called, And the World Remained Silent. This was a 900-page volume about the Holocaust and his experiences in the concentration camps. Two years after he wrote the first book, he wrote Night. Night is a 127-page novel. His literature is all a piece of his life. To Wiesel, Night is a somber, moving memoir to his faith-destroying experience in the death camps. The novel, Night was the foundation. (Elie Wiesel, Holocaust Surivior: Story and Silence, 2003) When Elie took a trip to the Soviet Union, he took an increasing interest in the persecuted Jews. His travel to the Soviet Union is reported in The Jews of S ilence. At the same time, Elie Wiesel also wrote plays, essay and short stories as well as novels both fiction and non-fiction. Throughout all that he went through in the concentration camp, his belief is true through it all. For a Jew, Judaism and humanity all must go together. To be Jewish today, is to recognize that every person is created in the image of God and that our purpose in living is to be a reminder of God. (The American Jewish Committee, 2003) Elie rejected all fanaticism anywhere and everywhere. It is said that You must be sensitive to pain of all human beings. You cannot remain indifferent to human suffering. The mission of the Jewish people has never been to make the world more Jewish, but to make it more human. (The American Jewish Committee, 2003) Since 1976, he has always been the Andrew W. Mellon Professor, where he also holds the title of University Professor. He is a member of the faculty in the Department of Religion and in Philosophy. He has served as Distinguished Professor of Judaic Studies at the City University of New York from 1972-1976. He was the first Henry Luc Visiting Scholar in Humanities and Social Thought at Yale University. (Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity, 2003) Elie pleads for oppressed people in the Soviet Union, South Africa, Vietnam, Biatra and Bangladesh. Elie Wiesel has lectured at colleges all around the United States. He still writes books in French with his wife, Marion. They both work together and collaborate on their English translation. Few months after winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, both, his wife and himself established the, Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity. Elie Wiesel became an U.S. citizen since 1963 and homes now in New York with his family, wife and son, Elisha. (Elie Wies el Bio, 2003) Elie Wiesel with all that happened, struggled to survive and as a result became a successful writer in telling others of his story. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Elie Wiesel topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. 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Analytical Essay Sample on “Snow Falling on Cedars”

Analytical Essay Sample on â€Å"Snow Falling on Cedars† The aim of literature is to entertain and inform. We see this in the novel Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson. Guterson uses stylistic language techniques to capture the reader and involve them in the text. By integrating flash backs into the murder mystery genre, the characters are made three dimensional, and the reader becomes involved. The story informs the reader by integrating important themes into the text. Literature aims to entertain. Snow Falling on Cedars is entertaining because it is written in such a way that the reader becomes involved with the characters. Guterson uses metaphors of the surrounding area, to give insight into the characters. For example, the radiator in the courtroom is sluggish and slow to get started, and is in a state of disrepair. This is a metaphor for the townsfolk, and by using it, Guterson has made the reader link the two together. Through using descriptive metaphors in the early stages of the book, when the same character traits are brought up later, they already feel familiar to the reader. The book is well written in the murder mystery genre, which creates suspense. The plot draws and captivates the reader. Guterson integrates flashbacks from different character perspectives, which make the murder mystery more intriguing. These flashbacks hold in them vital clues and insights to the plot and the reader is forced to think. The layers of plot are graduall y built up, giving the book a three dimensional quality. Subtle clues given by the author create a question about Kabuos innocence. This question creates curiosity in the mind of the reader, who is entertained by the suspense and drama, and finally the conclusion. Literature also aims to inform. Through different characters experiences in Snow Falling in Cedars, Guterson subtly informs the reader of several strong themes. The rising snowstorm is a metaphor for the building tension between the two communities on the island, and through this and Ishmael and Hatsues relationship we are shown racial tension. Through Carl and Kabuos lost friendship, Ishmaels missing arm, Whaleys personality, and the racial prejudice shown by the townsfolk, we are shown the impacts of war, both on communities and individuals. These are the prominent themes in the book, although Guterson weaves several others in as well. Through the suggested incompetence of the lawyers and law enforcers, and the run down courtroom, Guterson questions the human ability to pass judgement accuracy. Ishmaels phantom pains in his missing arm are a metaphor for his heart, which still aches for Hatsue, even though she is long gone. This and the comparison between Ishmael and Carl highlight s the theme that we need to learn and move on. These themes are interlaced and layered throughout the text unobtrusively, but in such a way that at the end of the book, the reader subconsciously takes away a new understanding of people and their cultures. Snow Falling on Cedars is a good example of Literature that entertains and informs. The way it is crafted in layers, using a good murder mystery plot with stylistic language makes it entertaining. The subtle integration of theme into this plot gives the reader a better understanding at the end of the story. The reader is captivated and this is what makes it such a good read.

Week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Week 3 - Essay Example Weekly meetings are ideal because they allow the stakeholders to internalize the elements and implement them (Stetler,  Ritchie,  Rycroft-Malone,  Schultz, & Charns,  2007). Evaluation tools have been extensively used in projects and their use is increasing with time. The rationale for an evaluation tool for any evidence-based change project is that evaluation tools provide advantages to the project by capturing how well the project performs or aligns with the objectives set and the goals that it must fulfill. Therefore, an evaluation tool must have enough detail to measure all the deliverables and give appropriate feedback to the project participants. An evaluation tool in an evidence based project enables decision makers to make proper choices and decisions for the project based on the available evidence provided by the tool. Evaluation tools show if changes are needed in the project, what kind of changes, the time to implement those changes and the reasons why the changes are required (Patkar, Hurt,  Steele,  Love,  Purushotham, Williams, & Fox,  2006). Adolescent depression has become rampant among teenagers in the present world because of the pressures that they face each day. There are several reasons for adolescent pregnancy including poor grades, feeling of worthlessness, family life, environmental stress, social status among peers and sexual orientation. Generally, when things that an adolescent enjoys or likes do not help him or her to improve or get a sense of belonging, it is bound to create problems. There are several symptoms of adolescent depression that include apathy, headaches, withdrawal, lack of attention, loss of appetite, sadness, drug abuse, anxiety and memory loss among others. The primary intervention is to ensure that adolescent depression does not occur. This can be done by engaging adolescents in

Deficit spending Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Deficit spending - Research Paper Example Government spending spurs economic growth in the country. When we focus on the long run, this is basically a positive macroeconomic effect. Government borrowing from other countries is used to finance government projects. This leads to increase in national infrastructure and stocks. This promotes the growth of the country in the long-run period. Currently, the federal government is investing heavily in education and health sectors. They can be the best gainers with the expected increased government borrowing. All these benefits associated with deficit spending can be easily estimated through analysis on cost benefit (McConnell, 1996). Most of the Keynesian economists attribute deficit as an appropriate tool for managing the aggregate demand levels in the country. This is because increased borrowing from other countries is an economic stimulus to demand in the country. This helps to stabilize the aggregate demand. However, these economists argue that the federal government should use and implement fiscal policies to contain. Besides this, managed levels of demand helps to sustain economic growth and reduce the general level of unemployment in the country. Deficit spending is financed through public borrowing. This leads to increase in public debt which is later financed through the revenues collected by the federal government later in future. This is a burden to the public because it implicates negatively to their lives. In most cases, taxes are raised on basic commodities for the federal government to raise revenue to cater for this. Increase in government borrowing leads to increase in public debt in the economy. From an economist point of view, a larger public debt results into high interest levels. Hence, the citizens of that particular country will be required to pay higher taxes in order to finance this debt in long term. Public debt is mostly financed through taxes

Policing in Contempoary Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Policing in Contempoary Society - Essay Example The basic reasoning behind having a police force has not changed, bu the methods that at uses and the tools at its disposal have. Thus "policing" in the late Nineteenth Century implied a much greater degree of one-on-one human contact than many police functions today (Holdaway, 1979). The "bobby on the beat", often a member of the community who might be on first name terms with many of its inhabitants has often been replaced by the much more 'efficient' (and yet more isolated) surveillance camera. Modern day policing is essential an attempt to balance conflicting forces of technology versus traditional techniques. An interesting attempt to return to the idea of a very visible police force was the creation of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) early in this century to support the actual police. The PCSO was introduced within the Police Reform Act of 2002 in response to increasing calls for a more approachable and accessible police force. Some confusion has occurred regarding the actual duties and powers of a PCSO, as their role is essentially defined by the Chief Constable of the area they are working within. Thus many PCSOs may detain a person for up to thirty minutes but may not use force to prevent them from escaping. In what precise sense the person is then "under arrest" is thus uncertain (Tameside, 2006). A series of powers that nearly all PCSOs possess include issuing Fixed Penalty Notices for various traffic, littering and animal offenses; the seizure of alcohol from minors and general powers to keep the peace. In many ways they represent an attempt to return to the role previously held by foot-patrol police officers. One reason that such a new position is needed is the increasing numbers of police who are now assigned to serious crime and anti-terrorism activities. In a sense the anti-terrorist activities are an extension of policing into an area normally occupied by the armed forces and various "secret" (and officially non-existent) groups such as MI5 and MI6. Thus the police are being used not only to enforce British laws but to protect the population from attack from both foreign and domestic groups. For example, on 22nd of July 2005 (the day after the London bombings) a Brazilian electrician called Jean Charles de Menezes was shot and killed by police officers while boarding an underground train. He was thought to be a potential suicide bomber. It turned out that he was nothing of the kind. Sir Ian Blair, the head of the Metropolitan Police, stated a few days later that police did indeed have a "shoot-to-kill" policy regarding suspected suicide bombers. He said that the head was the only place that a terrorist could be effectively stopped: There is no point in shooting at someone's chest because that is where the bomb is likely to be. There is no point in shooting anywhere else if they fall down and detonate it. (Blair, 2005) This is a remarkable change from the old ethos of British policing, but one that can be seen to reflect a new situation. Before the existence of the IRA there were few terrorist threats to Britain, and the new threat is greatly different because the people involved with it are quite prepared, and

Learning and Development Assignment Sheet Essay Example for Free

Learning and Development Assignment Sheet Essay 1. Be able to create an environment conducive to learning. 2. Be able to plan and deliver learning and development programme activity to individuals and groups. 3. Know how to review learning and development activities All activities should be completed Activity 1 Devise a plan, with clear aims and learning outcomes, for a work related learning and development activity/session, lasting approximately 30 minutes. Along with your plan, provide an explanation of how the planned activity: reflects principles of adult learning and takes account of factors (at least 2 individual and 2 environmental) that can impact on learning meets an identified need  is based on available resources  includes appropriate assessment methods  is structured and sequenced to assist learning. Activity 2 Deliver the planned activity, demonstrating your ability to: manage a learning and development activity support learners via questioning and feedback use 1 formative and 1 summative assessment method summarise and conclude the learning and development activity assist learners to reflect on their learning and identify further needs collect feedback from participants. This activity should be observed and assessed by your tutor using the attached Observation Record. Activity 3 Write a reflective statement relating to Activity 2 in which you consider: how you created a positive learning environment  the feedback on your activity from learner participants  your own perceptions of the effectiveness of the activity  at least 2 recommendations to improve your future performance. Activity 1 A Plan for a learning and development activity/session. (Note: The Plan can be the one developed for UNIT 3PDL, providing it also meets the requirements of this unit.) An accompanying explanation (of approximately 500 words). Activity 2 Observation Record Activity 3 A Reflective Statement of approximately 1000 words Observation Criteria Assessor feedback – to be completed by the assessor with notes to support the decision Creates an environment that is positive conducive to learning e.g. health safety room layout welcome accommodates needs puts participant at ease builds rapport Structures sequences effectively for learning e.g. introduction main body conclusion Provides clear aims / learning outcomes Manages learning activity effectively uses a range of appropriate training skills uses learning resources appropriately and effectively supports learners via questioning and feedback uses appropriate formative summative assessment methods summarises and concludes the learning and development activity assists learners to reflect on their learning and identify further needs collects feedback from participants

Performance Assesments Essay -- essays papers

Performance Assesments Due to the implementation of this new law, states are required to annually test all students in public schools. Anthony Rebora (2004) states that â€Å"by the 2005-2006 school years, states must begin testing students in grades 3-8 in the areas of reading, math, and writing† (p. 1). In the 2007-2008 school years, science will be added in to the testing material. The tests must meet the requirements of the states academic standards. They are supposed to bring all students up to the proficient level on their assessments by the 2013-2014 school years. Rebora (2004) also observed that the academic content and achievement standards define what all children should know in order to be considered proficient in each state (p. 2). These state assessments are a mechanism for checking whether schools have been successful in teaching students the knowledge and skills characterized by the content standards. In an article, titled â€Å"test and punish† in NEA Today, â€Å"the number of schools that missed Adequate Yearly Progress for two or more years reached 6, 794 or 12 percent of the schools in those states† (Lochert, 2004, p. 10). Although former Education Secretary, Rod Paige believes that results show that No Child Left Behind is working and test scores are rising, other officials say that the credit associated with the rising scores go to other factors. These factors include, teaching students test taking skills, the new regulations that permit some to exempt some students’ scores, and there are more students taking the required tests. In previous years, some schools were labeled inadequate because not enough students took the assessments. (Toppo, 2004) It has become largely popular for teachers to focus more on... ...ents being able to interact with their environment. Lochert, K. (2004, November). Test and Punish. NEA Today, 10. This article talks about Adequate Yearly Progress. The standards that each school must meet to comply with the No Child Left Behind Law. It gives statistics that attempt to show that many schools will not reach the goal. Schemo, D. J. (2004, March 25). 14 States Ask U.S. to Revise Some Education Law Rules. The New York Times. There are many states that disagree with the law and feel that its requirements are far too strict. This article explains why the states think the law is unfair. They feel that any progress in the academic rates or proficiencies of students should be more important than ensuring that one hundred percent of students are at a sufficient level by a certain date. They signed a letter asking for it to be redesigned.

Art Evaluation

Art Evaluation Looking around the hallways, I found many interesting paintings. But, I found that a particular painting was more interesting than the rest. The piece of art that I have chosen to talk about is an artwork that is hanging on the wall in the hallway of JJC. The artwork is painted by a girl named Nicole Marie Wilkin in 2007. She titled her work, â€Å"Endless Miles. † The materials that she chose to use were Oil on Canvas. After looking over the painting, I notice many formal elements. The formal elements that are presented in this work are: color, line, space, texture, and motion.The painting is very well balanced; therefore, my attention isn’t focused on a certain part of the painting. The texture of the painting looks smooth. The multiple uses of contrasting colors are what I believe attracted my eyes to this painting. I feel that this formal element is what is most dominant in the picture. Another formal element that caught my eye was the use of motion. The endless amount of swirls and wavy lines make the painting look as if it is moving. I think that this gives the work a cool effect when looking at it.Using the elements, color and motion together, as Nicole did, was a good idea and works well for drawing attention to her work. The use of these two keep me wondering what the artist was actually thinking when painting this picture. There are also a few principles of composition that I see in this painting. I find that the work has no specific place that is weighted in the painting; therefore, the painting has an all over composition. The painting is asymmetrical because it cannot be split into two parts and mirror each other.I feel that this painting does evoke thoughts and emotions. When I look at this painting I feel a sense of freedom. I feel that this artwork represents freedom because of the numerous amounts of implied lines that lead to other implied lines. I feel as if the painting is leading my eyes on never-ending maze. Th e freedom that I feel is because there is no exact focal point of this painting and my eyes are free to follow whichever implied line they choose. I believe that this idea may lead into why this particular artist may have named her art, â€Å"Endless Miles. I think that the formal elements that make this work so free are the use of motion and line together. I feel that the media and materials used in this art make a strong impact. The use of oil on canvas helps to make the painting look smooth and flowing. I feel that since the artist used oil, she was able to blend her colors well and add shading to her colors. Oil is easily blended since the colors dry very slowly. This is why I think that the use of oil was a good choice for her.

Process of Learning Essay

Learning is an invisible process in which the behaviour is modified in order to attain certain goals. It is a process in which an individual acquires and develops knowledge, understanding, skills, interests and attitude that are necessary to meet life’s situations. This paper briefly analyzes the process of learning. Introduction â€Å"Learning is the insatiable curiosity that drives the adolescent boy to absorb everything he can see or hear or read about gasoline engines in order to improve the efficiency and speed of his ‘cruiser’† (Mark K. Smith). Learning can be considered as a product and also a process. It is the end product of the various experiences we come across in our life. At the same time it is a continuous never ending process as well. Even from the birth day itself the learning process starts. Learning and Behaviour Learning is observable through the behaviours of a person. An observable change in behaviour can be witnessed after a person learned something. For example, we know that small kids do not know much about the dangers of fire and they will be usually attracted towards fire. But once if they happened to come in contact with fire, they will experience the burning effect of fire and will never play with fire again. In this case we can say that the child learned to behave properly with fire and we can observe Process of Learning 3 the changes in behaviour of the child before and after experience with fire. So we can conclude that learning is characterised by change in behaviour. Behaviorism, as a learning theory, can be traced back to Aristotle, whose essay â€Å"Memory† focused on associations being made between events such as lightning and thunder. The theory of behaviorism concentrates on the study of overt behaviors that can be observed and measured (Good & Brophy, 1990). It views the mind as a â€Å"black box† in the sense that response to stimulus can be observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind. Some key players in the development of the behaviorist theory were Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike and Skinner. (Brenda Mergel) (James Atherton) Process of Learning 4 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was the first to conduct experiments to study how learning and behaviour are connected. The experiment was performed on a dog. He started to give food to his dog after ringing a buzzer. The experiment was repeated for 7 days and after 7 days he started to ring the buzzer alone and did not give any food to the dog. Still he found that the dog secreted saliva in the same measure as before. â€Å"Because a bell consistently rang before food appeared, Pavlov’s dog learned to salivate at the mere ringing of the bell; this is a conditioned response. † (Michael g. Maxwell) So it is clear that our learning and behaviours are interconnected. Learning and Thinking â€Å"Learning implies the acquisition of knowledge from experience, while thinking involves the conscious processing and use of knowledge. † (Michael g. Maxwell) Learning has definite connection with thinking as well. Nobody can say that he has learned something without thinking. For example, we know that lightning and thunder, both occurs at the same time. But we have seen the lights of lightning first before hearing the thunder sound. Though we have learned that both lightning and thunder occurred at the same time, in order to explain the delay of thunder in reaching us, we must think in terms of the velocity of sound and velocity of light. Only after we thought about the velocity differences, we can say that we have learned thunder and lightning properly. So learning definitely leads to thinking which may lead to the modification of behaviours Process of Learning 5 Behaviour and Thinking in terms of learning Learning leads to thinking. Thinking leads us to arrive at conclusions which will force us to change our behaviours. So in that sense both thinking and behaviour are interlinked with each other. Without thinking, no behavioural changes can happen. Same way without learning, no thinking can take place. For example, everybody knows that smoking is injurious to health. If a smoker, happens to meet a person who is suffering from cancer because of his smoking habit, may think about the consequences of his smoking habits and hence times he may change his smoking behaviour. Thus we can conclude that both the learning theories with respect to thinking and behaviour are connected to each other. Conclusion Learning is a complex process which stimulates thinking which will be resulted in the modification of behaviours. Learning is a continuous process which starts from birth and ends at death. It can be considered as a process and a product. Process of Learning 6 References 1. Mark K. Smith (1999, 2003), learning theory, Retrieved on February 8, 2009 http://www. infed. org/biblio/b-learn. htm 2. Brenda Mergel, Instructional Design & Learning Theory, Retrieved on February 8, 2009, http://www. usask. ca/education/coursework/802papers/mergel/brenda. htm 3. Michael g. Maxwell, Learning and thinking: what science tells us about teaching Retrieved on February 8, 2009, http://www. studentsfriend. com/onhist/learning. html 4. James Atherton, Behaviourism, Retrieved on February 8, 2009, http://www. learningandteaching. info/learning/behaviour. htm

The Mechanism of the Paterno-Buchi Reaction and its Application in the Organic Synthesis Review

The Mechanism of the Paterno-Buchi Reaction and its Application in the Organic Synthesis Review Free Online Research Papers The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, named after two chemists who established its basic utility and form, is a photochemical reaction that forms four-membered oxetane rings from a carbonyl and an alkene. Much work has been done with the reaction since Dr. Thorsten Bach of the University of Marburg published a review article in 1998 on its mechanism and synthetic utility. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction has been used recently in attempt to synthesize many natural organic products. In these experiments, the chemists are chiefly concerned with the regio- and diastereoselectivity of the products. This paper will address these selectivity concerns and report on the specific products that have been worked with since Dr. Bach’s 1998 review paper, such as (+)-Preussin and (?)-Oxetin. The following review seeks to be a source of information detailing the recent discoveries in the mechanism and application of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, intended specifically for organic chemists involved in synthesis. Contents Abstract I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 II. Mechanistic Knowledge and Recent Discoveries A. General Mechanism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 B. Mechanistic Issues in Synthesis 1. Regioselectivity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2. Stereoselectivity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 III. Specific Synthetic Applications A. Ring Opening Reactions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 B. Formation of Natural Oxetane Products†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 IV. Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 V. Literature Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 VI. Tables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 VII. Figure Captions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 VIII. Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21 IX. Schemes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 Introduction Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that are affected by or proceed upon application of light energy. Photochemical processes are useful tools in the laboratory because they excite ground-state electrons and form radicals.1 These radicals can be used to add to other molecules to form products that would be impossible or at least more difficult to form using other synthetic methods. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction is a synthetic method used in photochemistry that forms oxetane rings through excitation of the electrons on a carbonyl molecule. When the electron on the carbonyl is excited, it forms a radical and adds to an alkene, forming a 1,4-diradical. The diradical then closes and forms the oxetane ring when the two excited 1,4 electrons combine (see Scheme 1). An oxetane is a four-membered cyclic molecule (or part of a molecule) composed of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom (see Figure 1). The configuration of the product oxetane and the diradical explanation of the mechanism were established by Dr. Paternà ² and Dr. Bà ¼chi. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction was named for these two chemists. Their work was published separately; Dr. Paternà ² published his article in Italy in 1909, and Dr. Bà ¼chi’s article was in print by 1954.2 Since 1954, chemists have produced several additional reviews of the reaction. These reviews have only recently begun to appear in the literature; most have been published within in the past 20 years.1 In 1998, Dr. Thorsten Bach of the University of Marburg wrote one of the most comprehensive review articles concerning the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. The review explained the mechanism of the process based on the information available from previous experimentation. Dr. Bach’s paper then continued to detail the specific products that can be synthesized using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Much of his work addressed the concerns in regio- and stereoselective yield that arise during photochemical synthesis.1 Understanding the factors affecting regio- and stereoselective yields and other aspects of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction mechanism would greatly aid chemists in their effort to synthesize natural compounds and other organic products. Many of these products have oxetane rings in their structure, and several others are alcohols that can be synthesized using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process followed by a ring-opening reaction. In either case, an understanding of the mechanism of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction will aid chemists in obtaining yields with high selectivity.1,3 The selectivity of the yield in a synthetic process is especially important during manufacture of biological compounds, where the regio- or stereochemical structure of a drug can mean the difference between recovery and fatality. Regio- and stereochemical control can be achieved using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, which provides more efficient and sometimes essential methods of synthesizing many important biological products. The ?-amino acid oxetin, which acts as an antibiotic and herbicide, and the antifungal agent (+)-Preussin are two examples of natural compounds that can be made using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction.4,5 Experiments concerning the synthesis of natural compounds have been recently growing in number. Since the printing of Dr. Bach’s paper in 1998, there have been several such experiments involving the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, and publications reporting the regio- and stereoselective issues and mechanics of the process have appeared in numerous journals. Regardless of the specific interest in the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction or photochemistry in general, chemists who are involved in organic synthesis would benefit from the latest knowledge of an efficient synthetic method.5 This review paper, intended then for organic chemists involved in general synthesis, will seek to compile the experimental results of only those publications in print since Dr. Bach’s review article. Mechanistic Knowledge and Recent Discoveries General Mechanism The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction involves promoting electrons into excited states with light and allowing them to form cyclic bonds. The reaction is a type of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition, or 2? + 2?, which indicates that two electrons in ? bonds are reacting with two other ? electrons to form two different bonds. The two ? bonds in the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction come from a molecule containing an alkene component and a molecule with a carbonyl component. The new bonds formed through this process are ? bonds. Because these ? bonds complete a ring, the reaction is called a cycloaddition. Adding the â€Å"photo-† prefix to the word â€Å"cycloaddition† indicates that the reaction is initiated by light energy.1 When enough light energy is applied to the carbonyl group, an electron in either the nonbonding orbital or the ? bond enters into an excited state wherein the electron is promoted to an anti-bonding orbital (see Scheme 1).6 The promoted electron initially retains its spin, and because electrons in the same orbital have opposite spins, the excited electron and the electron with which it was coupled before excitation still have opposite spins. This electron configuration is known as an excited singlet state, which is abbreviated and represented in Scheme 1 as S1. However, the S1 does not last long (approximately 1–2 ns), and the spin of the promoted electron quickly changes. This situation, in which the promoted electron changes its spin, is called intersystem crossing, or ISC.1 In this case, the excited electron goes through ISC from the S1 to the triplet state, abbreviated T1.6 The initial addition to the alkene 1 can happen either in the T1 or S1. If the carbonyl remains in the singlet state long enough to add to the alkene, it will add to form a transition state resembling a 1,4-diradical 3 with a negligibly short lifetime. The brevity of the lifetime of this diradical results from the fact that the S1 carbonyl has its radical electrons in opposite spins. When a radical electron adds to a full orbital (in this case the full ? molecular orbital on the alkene 1), it will only couple with the electron with opposite spin. The remaining displaced uncoupled electron is thus the same spin as the radical electron that initially added. Hence, the two radical electrons of the diradical formed immediately upon the singlet addition to the alkene 1 will be of opposite spin. Electrons must be of opposite spin to form a molecular bond, and thus the radical electrons in this diradical from the S1 will quickly bond, closing the molecule to form the oxetane ring 4 (see Sch eme 1).6 However, oxetane ring closure takes longer if the T1 carbonyl adds to the alkene 1. Because the radical electrons in the triplet state carbonyl are of similar spin, the resulting 1,4-diradical 2 will also contain two radical electrons of the same spin. As these radical electrons cannot form a bond due to their identical spin, a relatively longer time must pass before one of the electrons changes spin and the bond forms (see Scheme 1).2 Mechanistic Issues in Synthesis Regioselectivity Because an alkene component, by definition, is composed of two carbon atoms held together by a double bond, there exists two points on the alkene where the excited electron on the carbonyl group may add. In the examples in the figures given previously, the alkene used, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, is completely achiral. The two alkene carbons are identical and thus it makes no functional difference to which carbon atom the oxygen adds. However, not all alkene molecules have identical carbons. In fact, most alkenes are chiral and the carbon atoms are not identical. Furthermore, many molecules have two or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The regioselectivity, or the preference of one atom to bond to another, is a major concern in synthesis.7 The regioselectivity concern generally arises when the carbonyl adds to the alkene in the triplet state. If the molecule is going to have a measurable 1,4-diradical configuration, as it does when the T1 carbonyl adds, the excited electron on the oxygen atom will tend to add to the side of the alkene that forms the most stable diradical. Bach1 and Adam7 have done extensive studies on the regioselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Adam and Stegmann placed various substrates on a chiral alkene and reacted it with benzophenone. Table 1 displays the scheme of the reaction and his results. As can be observed in each reaction, the methyl groups on the original alkene stabilized the diradical so that the majority of the time the oxygen originally added into the carbon with the R1 and X group. However, in general, as the R1 and X substrates increased in size, decreasing the stability differences between the 1,4-diradicals leading to the 3 and 3’ products, the regiosel ectivity also dropped sharply (refer to Table 1). This experiment provides excellent evidence that regioselectivity is determined by the most stable 1,4-diradical.7 The stability of the 1,4-diradical is not the sole determinant of regioselectivity, however. The phenomenon of hydrogen bonding also has proven to influence regioselectivity. The oxygen atom on the carbonyl may be attracted to a specific hydrogen atom on one side of the alkene. This attraction will then cause a hydrogen bond to form. The carbonyl oxygen will then prefer to add to the carbon atom closest to the bond-forming hydrogen atom. Even though entry 1 in Table 1 has a larger X substrate (OH) attached to the alkene carbon than does entry 2 (H), it gives a much higher regioselectivity. This observation can be explained by the fact that the carbonyl oxygen tends to form a hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group. Hydrogen bond effects are seen again in Table 2. Note that entry 5 is the only entry without a hydroxy group and hence has the lowest regioselectivity (refer to Table 2). The reaction of substrates 4e-4h can be seen in Figure 2. The carbonyl oxygen coordi nates with the hydroxy group in each case to form a hydrogen bond (see Figure 2).7 Stereoselectivity In the reaction of acetone with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (Figure 1), the reactant molecules were achiral and no new stereocenters were formed. However, in most Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reactions, there are two potentially new stereocenters formed. There could be, of course, feasibly only one stereocenter, or even three, but throughout most of the literature regarding Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reactions, the chemists are centrally concerned with diastereoselectivity.1 Diastereoselective studies involve the preference of a reaction to produce new molecules with two stereocenters. The selective formation of these stereocenters remains a major aim in synthesis. Therefore, the stereochemical information in this review will tend to focus on the recent discoveries in the diastereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process. Just as in regiochemistry, the state (T1 or S1) of the excited carbonyl affects the diastereoselectivity of the reaction. Griesbeck and associates2 have researched the dependence of the diastereoselectivity on the electron spin direction. This research specifically concerned the addition of aliphatic aldehydes to 2,3 dihydrofuran and 2,3 dihydropyran. The aldehyde was used as the carbonyl group; it was irradiated to excite the electrons initially into the singlet state. Because the aldehyde only has a lifetime of 1–2 nanoseconds in its excited singlet state, trapping reagents had to be used to intercept the carbonyl group in the S1. The products of an excited state singlet carbonyl could then be studied. Griesbeck found that increased concentration of trapping reagent gave increasingly lower diastereoselectivity as more of the aldehyde was trapped in its singlet state. This lower selectivity can be explained plainly in terms of the transition state of the reaction. As the transition state between the reactant singlet carbonyl and the product oxetane has a negligible lifetime, there is no need to be concerned about intermediate stability, geometrical restrictions, or steric interactions. Thus, there is no need for the singlet to be selective in its direction of addition.2 However, addition selectivity plays an important role in the T1. When the carbonyl in the triplet state adds to the alkene, it forms a 1,4 diradical that has a relatively measurable lifetime. This diradical must undergo intersystem crossing in order to close into the oxetane, which requires rigorous geometrical restrictions. Thus, the geometric configuration and stability of this diradical affects the diastereochemical makeup of the product oxetane. In this particular experiment, Griesbeck et al. found that the reaction through the triplet pathway yielded diastereoselectivities of up to 90:10.2 Because the geometric restrictions of the intermediate diradical in the triplet pathway is a major factor in determining the stereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, steric interactions must be considered. Adam and Stegmann7 studied the diastereoselectivity of the addition of aromatic aldehydes to allylic alcohols. Increasing the size of the R group on the alcohol gave increasingly higher diastereoselectivities (refer to Table 2). This observation indicates that the R group is a steric hindrance to the formation of the erythro-product (see Figure 2). Additional studies by Abe et al.8 conclude similarly that increased size of substrate groups will increase the stereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Hydrogen bonding can also affect the stereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction just as this bonding phenomenon has been shown to affect regioselectivity. In another experiment, Griesbeck and Bondock9 tested the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction of prenol and prenyl acetate. Although there was not a major difference in stereoselectivity attained by replacing the hydroxy group with an acetate group, the hydrogen bonding delayed the intersystem crossing. Hydrogen bonding actually proved to activate the electron further on the carbonyl, causing an increase in the time the carbonyl could remain in its singlet-excited state. This increased lifetime allowed more singlet carbonyls to add to the alkene. Because singlet carbonyls generally add to alkenes irrespective of geometry or orientation, an actual decrease in stereoselectivity was observed due to hydrogen-bonding effects. On the other hand, Bach et al.10 found that in their study, hydrogen bonding increased diastereoselectivity. In this experiment, a very complex molecule was used as the alkene, 3,4-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-one. Because the carbonyl, a chiral aromatic aldehyde, formed a hydrogen bond with the amide hydrogen on the alkene, it formed a stable exciplex with the alkene. This stabilization allowed the carbonyl to add specifically in a constant geometrical conformation, yielding high diastereoselectivity. Because the geometrical conformation of a molecule is often altered by increased heat, temperature can also play a major role in stereoselectivity. Adam and associates11 studied the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi addition of benzophenone to both cis- and trans-cyclooctene at a temperature range of –95  °C to 110  °C. Except for the two extremes, temperature intervals of 20  °C were used. It was found that increasing the temperature increased the likelihood of the conformation change of the cyclooctene. If the cyclooctene changed conformation, the oxetane product was also changed. Lower temperatures favored the highest diastereoselectivity in each case. Specific Synthetic Applications Ring Opening Reactions Once an oxetane ring is formed, it can be then opened conventionally with an agent such as LiAlH4 or sodium metal, creating an alcohol. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction thus becomes an intermediate reaction rather than a terminal one. The advantage of using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction as an intermediate in synthesis concerns stereoselective purity. The ring is opened in a way that the reaction takes place at a non-stereogenic center, and the stereoselectivity is thus preserved.12 Ring opening reactions are key in synthesizing many natural products. For example, prostaglandin analogues and ephedrine are products used often in medicine, and these can be synthesized utilizing the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction and then opening the oxetane ring. Insect pheromones and asteltoxin, a potent inhibitor of ATP synthesis, can also be formed using this ring-opening process as an intermediate.1 Bach and his group specifically completed the total synthesis of (+)-Preussin.13 (+)-Preussin is a useful antifungal agent. However, only the (+)-enantiomer is active. Therefore, it is absolutely imperative that the stereoselectivity is pure. This purity can be preserved through the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. The final product can be formed beginning with the commercially available (S)-pyroglutaminol. The total synthesis of (+) Preussin is given in Scheme 2. (+)-Preussin is certainly useful, but it is in no way the limit of the ring-opening process. As mentioned above, ring-opening reactions can be used to create diastereomerically pure alcohols. The final structure of the alcohol is based on the structure of the oxetane ring molecule. Bach and Eilers12 worked on the synthesis of diols. In this experiment, an oxetane was prepared with a protecting group. The protecting group, a trimethylsilyl ether, and the oxygen atom of the oxetane ring were attached to adjacent carbons. After removing the protecting group, LiAlH4 was applied to the oxetane, opening the ring. A trans-1,2-diol was then obtained at 69-99% yield. Still, diols are not the only alcohols that can be obtained from oxetane rings. Adding N-Acyl enamines to aldehydes in the presence of light energy causes the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Subsequent ring opening using LiAlH4 or LiSBn then can form a cis 1,2 amino alcohol. Bach and Schrà ¶der15 studied this particular synthesis and were able to obtain these products in 65-86% yields. Formation of Natural Oxetane Products Although the ring opening process is extremely useful in synthesis, it is not always necessary to continue after the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction has taken place. Some useful natural compounds contain oxetane components and thus use the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process as a terminal step. Oxetanocin, an anti-cancer drug, was synthesized using this reaction. Additionally, the ?-amino acid (?)-oxetin was produced by adding an N-acyl enamine to an aldehyde. (?)-Oxetin has proven to act usefully as an antibiotic and herbicide.4 Summary Understanding the basics of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction is straightforward, but the scope of its application and its impact on photochemistry is extensive. Although the majority of chemists do not deal with photochemical processes, knowledge of at least the existence of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction can facilitate the solution to many synthetic problems. The simultaneous formation of both a carbon-oxygen bond and a carbon carbon bond is extremely useful in connecting molecules together. Furthermore, the universal concern of regio- and stereochemical yields are usually solved using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, which generally adds both regioselectively and stereoselectively. One can generally predict the regio- and stereoselectivity by an analysis of the chemical structure of the two reactants. There are several factors influencing the selectivity, which include diradical stability, steric interaction, hydrogen bonding, and temperature. Additionally, understanding the mechanistic nature of the singlet- and triplet-excited states of the carbonyl plays an important role in predicting and preparing yields. Further knowledge of the mechanism of the reaction will allow for much more accurate and efficient synthesis. Improved synthetic methods will lead to additional discoveries and more effective manufacture of important organic compounds. (?)-Oxetin and oxetanocin are two oxetane-containing compounds that can be synthesized using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. However, not all useful compounds created with this reaction are oxetanes. (+)-Preussin, ephedrine, and prostaglandin analogues are alcohols that are synthesized using ring-opening reactions following the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process. As chemists at both universities and in the pharmaceutical laboratories gain more knowledge of efficient synthetic techniques, important natural compounds can be more effectively and cheaply made available to their target audience. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction has proven useful and effective in the past and as it continues to be studied, it will only enhance the growing arsenal of synthetic chemists. Literature Cited 1. Bach, T. Stereoselective Intermolecular [2+2]-Photocycloaddition Reactions and Their Application in Synthesis. Synthesis 1998, 5, 683–703. 2. Griesbeck, A. G.; Fiege, M.; Bondock, S.; Gudipati, M. S. Spin Directed Stereoselectivity of Carbonyl–Alkene Photocycloadditions. Organic Lett. 2000, 2, 3623–3625. 3. Bach, T.; Bergmann, H.; Brummerhop, H.; Lewis, W.; Harms, K. The [2 + 2]-Photocycloaddition of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones to 3,4-Dihydro-2-pyridones: Regioselectivity, Diastereoselectivity, and Reductive Ring Opening of the Product Oxetanes. Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 4512–4521. 4. Bach, T.; Schrà ¶der, J. A Short Synthesis of (?)-Oxetin. Liebigs Ann. / Rescueil 1997, 2265–2267. 5. Bach, T. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction of N-Acyl Enamines and Aldehydes – The Development of a New Synthetic Method and its Application to Total Synthesis and Molecular Recognition Studies. Synlett 2000, 12, 1699–1707. 6. Kuteladze, A.G. Conformational Analysis of Singlet–Triplet State Mixing in Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Diradicals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9279–9282. 7. Adam, W.; Stegmann, V. R. Hydroxy-Group Directivity in the Regioselective and Diastereoselective [2+2] Photocycloaddition (Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction) of Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds to Chiral and Achiral Allylic Substrates: The Preparation of Oxetanes with up to Three Stereogenic Centers as Synthetic Building Blocks. Synthesis 2001, 8, 1203–1214. 8. Abe, M.; Torii, E.; Nojima, M. Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Photocyclization of 2-Siloxyfurans and Carbonyl Compounds. Notable Substituent and Carbonyl (Aldehyde vs. Ketone and Singlet- vs. Triplet-Excited State) Effects on the Regioselectivity (Double-Bond Selection) in the Formation of Bicyclic exo-Oxetanes. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 3426–3431. 9. Griesbeck, A.G.; Bondock, S. Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reactions of Allylic Alcohols and Acetates with Aldehydes: Hydrogen-Bond Interaction in the Excited Singlet and Triplet States? J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6191–6192. 10. Bach, T.; Bergmann, H.; Harms, K. High Facial Diastereoselectivity in the Photocycloaddition of a Chiral Aromatic Aldehyde and an Enamide Induced by Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 10650–10651. 11. Adam, W.; Stegmann, V. R.; Weinkà ¶tz, S. Unusual Temperature-Dependent Diastereoselectivity in the [2+2] Photocycloaddition (Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction) of Benzophenone to cis- and trans-Cyclooctene through Conformational Control. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 2452–2453. 12. Bach, T.; Eilers, F. Diastereomerically Pure 1,2-Diols by Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions of 3-Oxetanols – A Study Directed Towards the Identification of Suitable Nucleophiles and the Elucidation of Possible Side Reactions. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 2161–2169. 13. Bach, T.; Brummerhop, H. Unprecedented Facial Diastereoselectivity in the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction of a Chiral Dihydropyrole- A Short Total Synthesis of (+)-Preussin. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3400–3401. 14. Bach, T.; Brummerhop, H.; Harms, K. The Synthesis of (+)-Preussin and Related Pyrrolidinols by Diastereoselective Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reactions of Chiral 2 Substituted 2,3-Dihydropyrroles. Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 3838–3843. 15. Bach, T.; Schrà ¶der, J. Photocycloaddition of N-Acyl Enamines to Aldehydes and Its Application to the Synthesis of Diastereomerically Pure 1,2-Amino Alcohols. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 1265–1273. Research Papers on The Mechanism of the Paterno-Buchi Reaction and its Application in the Organic Synthesis ReviewOpen Architechture a white paperEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product